Highly wettable, water dispersible, granules including two pesticides

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates to water dispersible granular pesticide compositions, and methods of making and using the compositions. The pesticide compositions include an inner layer including a first pesticide coated on to a substrate, and an outer layer comprising a second pesticide coated on the inner layer. The outer layer increases the water dispersibility of the granular composition, and protects the first pesticide against hydrolysis and photolysis.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to Provisional Application Ser. No.61/392,353 filed on Oct. 12, 2010, which is incorporated by referenceherein in its entirety.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to the field of pesticides. Inparticular, the present disclosure relates to highly wettable, waterdispersible granules that include at least two pesticide compositions.The present disclosure also relates to methods of making and using suchpesticide granules.

BACKGROUND

Left unattended, pests such as insects and rodents can quickly infestenclosed structures, such as restaurants and homes. Examples of pestswhich can infest areas in and around enclosed structures includecockroaches, ants, ground beetles and spiders. In addition to being anuisance, some of these pests can also bring pathogens into therestaurant or home, creating unsanitary eating and living conditions.The use of pesticide compositions has aided in decreasing theinfestation of insects in and around residential and commercialstructures.

Various types of pesticide compositions and methods of repelling orterminating crawling pests are currently available, including gel baits,glue pads and poisons. Because the pests can enter walls through smallcracks and crevices and inhabit relatively inaccessible areas, such aswithin floors and behind walls, various tools can be used to “flush” thepests from the wall. For example, flushing agents can be sprayed intothe areas to irritate or agitate the pests and cause them to leave theinaccessible areas and come out into the open and expose themselves.Once the pests enter the open environment, they are exposed to apesticide composition that terminates them.

There is an ongoing need to provide effective pesticides.

SUMMARY

In some aspects, the present disclosure relates to a granular pesticidecomposition comprising an inner layer comprising a first pesticide, andan outer layer comprising a second pesticide. In some embodiments, thefirst pesticide comprises a reduced risk pesticide. In otherembodiments, a substrate is selected from the group consisting of silicaparticles. In other embodiments, the substrate is selected from thegroup consisting of soluble inerts, for example, salts andcarbohydrates.

In other embodiments, the second pesticide comprises a surfactantpesticide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a waterdispersible granule. In other embodiments, the composition issubstantially free of phosphorous.

In other aspects, the present disclosure relates to methods foreliminating pests comprising applying a pesticide composition to anenclosed or partially enclosed area in a structure inhabited by insects,wherein the pesticide composition comprises a water dispersible granulehaving an inner layer comprising a first pesticide coated on to asubstrate and an outer layer comprising a second pesticide coated on theinner layer.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise diluting the pesticidecomposition with a diluent before applying the pesticide composition tothe enclosed or partially enclosed area. In other embodiments, thediluent comprises water.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In some aspects, the present disclosure relates to highly wettable,water dispersible pesticide compositions that include at least twolayers, e.g., an inner layer and an outer layer, coated onto a solidsubstrate. Each layer includes a pesticide composition. The outer layerof pesticide is selected such that it provides an increased waterwettability and dispersibility to the granules. The outer layer alsoaids in preventing degradation, viz., hydrolysis and/or photolysis ofthe inner layer of pesticide. The outer layer also improves the greasecompatibility of the inner layer pesticide, and can further providecleaning benefits. That is, in some embodiments, the outer layer can actas both a cleaning agent and an insecticide. In some embodiments, theouter layer provides pesticidal properties on contact. In someembodiments, the inner layer provides residual pesticidal properties.

So that the invention may be more readily understood certain terms arefirst defined.

As used herein, “weight percent,” “wt-%,” “percent by weight,” “% byweight,” and variations thereof refer to the concentration of asubstance as the weight of that substance divided by the total weight ofthe composition and multiplied by 100. It is understood that, as usedhere, “percent,” “%,” and the like are intended to be synonymous with“weight percent,” “wt-%,” etc.

As used herein, the term “about” refers to variation in the numericalquantity that can occur, for example, through typical measuring andliquid handling procedures used for making concentrates or use solutionsin the real world; through inadvertent error in these procedures;through differences in the manufacture, source, or purity of theingredients used to make the compositions or carry out the methods; andthe like. The term “about” also encompasses amounts that differ due todifferent equilibrium conditions for a composition resulting from aparticular initial mixture. Whether or not modified by the term “about”,the claims include equivalents to the quantities.

It should be noted that, as used in this specification and the appendedclaims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referentsunless the content clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example,reference to a composition containing “a compound” includes acomposition having two or more compounds. It should also be noted thatthe term “or” is generally employed in its sense including “and/or”unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.

Compositions

In some aspects, the present disclosure relates to pesticidecompositions including at least two layers. The pesticide compositionscan include an inner layer, and an outer layer coated on the innerlayer. The inner layer includes a first pesticide composition, and theouter layer includes a second pesticide composition. In someembodiments, the first and second pesticide compositions are not thesame. In some embodiments, the first and second pesticide compositionsare the same. In some embodiments, the first, second, or both the firstand the second pesticide compositions are substantially free ofphosphorous.

The pesticide compositions include those that kill or control a varietyof pests. Pests killed or controlled by the pesticides include, but arenot limited to, arthropods, e.g., insects, arachnids, crustaceans, andothers. Arthropods killed or controlled by the pesticide compositioninclude, but are not limited to, cockroaches, and any other crawlingpests, for example, ants, ground beetles, spiders, bed bugs, and thelike, and flying pests, and their larvae and eggs.

The inner layer includes a first pesticide composition. In someembodiments, a reduced or minimum risk pesticide, as defined by theEnvironmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) is included as the first innerlayer pesticide, but other pesticides can be used as well. Reduce riskpesticides include pesticides with characteristics such as very lowtoxicity to humans and non target organisms, including fish and birds,low risk of ground water contamination or runoff, and low potential forpesticide resistance. Exemplary active ingredients for reduced riskpesticides include but are not limited to, castor oil, cedar oil,cinnamon and cinnamon oil, citric acid, citronella and citronella oil,cloves and clove oil, corn gluten meal, corn oil, cottonseed oil, driedblood, eugenol, garlic and garlic oil, geraniol, geranium oil, laurylsulfate, lemon grass oil, linseed oil, malic acid, mint and mint oil,peppermint and peppermint oil, 2-phenethyl propionate (2-phenyethylpropionate), potassium sorbate, putrescent whole egg solids, rosemaryand rosemary oil, sesame and sesame oil, sodium chloride, sodium laurylsulfate, soybean oil, thyme and thyme oil, white pepper, zinc metalstrips, and combinations thereof. Examples of other pesticides that canbe used in the inner layer include TEMPO® Ultra WP and TEMPO Ultra SC,commercially available from Bayer Professional Care, Suspend SC,available from Bayer Environmental Science, Phantom, available fromBASF, Talstar Pro, available from FMC, and Demand CS, available fromSyngenta.

In some embodiments, the inner layer includes an effective amount of apesticide, viz., an amount effective to kill or control a targeted pest,e.g., insect. In some embodiments, the first inner layer includes about1 wt % to about 90 wt %, about 20 wt % to about 80 wt %, or about 30 wt% to about 60 wt % of a pesticide.

In some embodiments, the first pesticide composition includes apesticide that has poor grease compatibility. As used herein the term“poor grease compatibility” refers to compounds and compositions thatare hydrophobic and lipophilic, and tend to migrate into the greaselayer that they come into contact with. Thus, they are not asefficacious against pests as those pesticides which have higher greasecompatibilities. In some embodiments, the first pesticide composition isa residual kill pesticide.

The inner layer can be coated onto a substrate. Any substrate capable ofbeing coated with a first pesticide composition can be used. Forexample, in some embodiments, an insoluble material, e.g., silicaparticles can be used as the substrate for coating a first pesticidecomposition on to. In other embodiments, a soluble material, e.g., saltsand/or carbohydrates can be used as the substrate. Examples includesodium chloride, sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodiumsesquicarbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, trisodium phosphate,disodium phosphate, monosodium phosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate,potassium chloride, potassium acetate, potassium carbonate, sugar,sucrose, and the like. Any material capable of having the firstpesticide applied to it can be used as a substrate. Preferred substratesare about 50 microns in diameter or smaller for insoluble substrates.

In other embodiments, the inner layer can be formed by an agglomerationor granulation process.

In other embodiments, a pre-formed first pesticide composition is usedas the inner layer already coated on a substrate. For example, acommercially available pesticide available for use in a solid form canbe used. In some embodiments, the first pesticide composition comprisesa solid form of a reduced risk pesticide as defined by the EPA, butpesticides that do not qualify as reduced risk can also be used.

In some aspects, the outer layer of the pesticide composition includes asecond pesticide composition. In some embodiments, the second pesticidecomposition is a contact kill pesticide when dissolved in water thatkills pests or insects on contact. In some embodiments, the secondpesticide composition includes a surfactant pesticide. As used herein,the term “surfactant pesticide” refers to a pesticide which also hassurfactant properties. That is, a surfactant pesticide refers to achemical substance which has the ability to kill or control pests, e.g.,insects, and also has the ability to reduce or lower the surface tensionof a liquid with which the surfactant pesticide comes into contact with.Preferred surfactant pesticides include sodium lauryl sulfate, alcoholethoxylates, quaternary ammonium compounds, fatty acids, fatty acidsoaps, twin-tailed surfactants such as dioctylsulfosuccinate, andmixtures thereof. Preferred surfactant pesticides include a hydrophobicportion with from about 6 to about 16 carbon atoms, or about 8 to 14, orabout 10 to 12 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the surfactantpesticide includes sodium lauryl sulfate. Sodium lauryl sulfate is asurfactant pesticide that is highly soluble in water, e.g., 250 g/L at20° C.

In other embodiments, the second pesticide composition includes acombination of surfactant pesticide and water. The combination ofsurfactant pesticide and water can be sprayed on to the inner layer toform the outer layer of the composition, and upon drying form granules.For example, in some embodiments, the second pesticide composition caninclude a combination of a solid form of surfactant pesticide and water.Suitable component concentrations for a concentrate of the secondpesticide composition include between about 40% and about 100%, betweenabout 50% and about 100%, between about 60% and 100%, between about 70%and between about 100%, between about 80% and 100%, between about 90%and about 100%, between about 93% and about 100%, or between about 95%and about 100% surfactant pesticide by weight and balance water.

Examples of suitable solid forms of sodium lauryl sulfate include, butare not limited to, powder, pellet and block forms. An example of aparticularly suitable pellet form of sodium lauryl sulfate is needleform sodium lauryl sulfate. An example of a suitable commerciallyavailable needle form sodium lauryl sulfate includes Stepanol DX®, CASnumber 151-21-3, available from Stephan Company, Northfield, Ill. Whileboth powder form and pellet form sodium lauryl sulfate may be used toform the pesticide composition of the present invention, pellet formsodium lauryl sulfate is generally easier to handle and does not becomeairborne as easily as other solid forms.

In other embodiments, a commercially available aqueous solution of asurfactant can be used, for example, a 30% sodium lauryl sulfate.

In further embodiments, the pesticide composition may also includeadditional components or agents, such as additional functionalmaterials. In other embodiments, the first and second pesticides of thepesticide composition may provide a large amount, or even all of thetotal weight of the pesticide composition, for example, in embodimentshaving few or no additional functional materials disposed therein.

The functional materials provide desired properties and functionalitiesto the pesticide composition. For the purpose of this application, theterm “functional materials” includes a material that when dispersed ordissolved in a use and/or concentrate solution, such as an aqueoussolution, or when included in granules of the present invention,provides a beneficial property in a particular use. Some particularexamples of functional materials are discussed in more detail below,although the particular materials discussed are given by way of exampleonly, and a broad variety of other functional materials may be used.

The pesticide compositions may include attractants such as cockroachpheromones (e.g., sex attractants, aggregation pheromones) or food-basedattractants (e.g., methylcyclopentenalone, maltol, fenugreek and otherflavorings). When an attractant is included in the pesticidecompositions, the attractant may constitute between about 0.1% and about5% by weight of the pesticide composition. The pesticide compositionsmay also optionally include humectants such as glycerol to slowevaporation and maintain wetness of the pesticide composition afterapplication. When a humectant is included in the pesticide composition,the humectant may constitute between about 0.5% and about 10% by weightof the pesticide composition.

In some embodiments, the pesticide compositions can also include aco-surfactant. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, itis thought that the inclusion of a co-surfactant composition can reducethe drying of the second pesticide composition, and prolong the activityof the pesticide composition. Further, it is thought that the inclusionof a co-surfactant can increase the insecticidal efficacy of thecompositions. When a co-surfactant composition is included, theco-surfactant composition can be present at a ratio of up to about1:0.03, 1:0.5, 1:1, or 1:3 of the surfactant pesticide to theco-surfactant composition. Exemplary co-surfactants include long-chainalcohols, amine oxides, guerbet alcohols, guerbet alcohol ethoxylates,protonated fatty acids, and twin-tailed surfactants such asdioctylsulfosuccinate. The co-surfactants preferably have a hydrophobictail with a carbon chain length of from about 6 to 16, about 8 to 14, orabout 10 to 12.

The compositions can also include additional inert ingredients. In someembodiments, the compositions include only additional inert ingredientsthat can be included in reduced/minimum risk pesticide products exemptedunder Section 25(b) of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, andRodenticide Act (“FIFRA”).

Methods of Making and Using

The water dispersible granules may be made by a variety of processes. Insome aspects, the outer layer can be sprayed or melted on to the innerlayer. In some aspects, the water dispersible granules may be made usingan agglomeration process, or a fluidized bed process. For example, asubstrate, e.g., silica particles or a water soluble salt, can besuspended in a fluidized bed. A solution of the first pesticidecomposition in a carrier can then be sprayed on to the suspendedsubstrate particles. After the first pesticide composition is coated onto the substrate, the second pesticide composition is sprayed on to thecoated substrate. In some embodiments, the second pesticide compositionincludes sodium lauryl sulfate and water.

In other aspects, a first pesticide composition already pre-formed canbe used. That is, a commercially available pesticide composition in asolid form, e.g., granules or powders, can be used. To make compositionsaccording to embodiments of the present invention, a second pesticidecomposition, e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate can be coated on to the firstpesticide composition.

In some aspects, the present disclosure relates to methods foreliminating pests. The methods include applying the pesticidecompositions to an enclosed or partially enclosed area in a structureinhabited by pests.

The pesticide compositions can be applied to the area to be treated in avariety of ways. In some embodiments, the granules are applied to thearea using a drop type, rotary type, or hand held type applicator. Inother embodiments, the pesticide composition granules can be dissolvedin a carrier, e.g., water, at the location of use to provide a usesolution. Once the pesticide composition has been thoroughly dispersedin the carrier to form a substantially homogeneous or uniform solution,the pesticide composition may be applied onto a surface as a spray orfoam. The use solution is applied onto the surface for an amount of timesufficient to terminate the pests.

The pesticide compositions may be employed at any of a wide variety oflocations in which it is desired to eliminate pest infestation. Thepesticide compositions are effective in killing pests, includingcrawling and flying pests, and in particular cockroaches. In addition,the pesticide compositions are generally more ecologically sustainablethan traditional pesticides, making it particularly useful where it isdesired to use an environmentally friendly pesticide. Such applicationsinclude using the pesticide compositions in and around restaurants,stores, homes, or other generally enclosed structures in which humansand animals are present.

The pesticide compositions can be applied in and around areas such asapartment buildings, bakeries, beverage plants, bottling facilities,breweries, cafeterias, candy plants, canneries, cereal processing andmanufacturing plants, cruise ships, dairy barns, poultry facilities,flour mills, food processing plants, frozen food plants, homeshospitals, hotels, houses, industrial buildings, kennels, kitchens,laboratories, manufacturing facilities, mausoleums, meat processing andpackaging plants, meat and vegetable canneries, motels, nursing homes,office buildings, organic facilities, restaurants, schools, stores,supermarkets, warehouses and other public buildings and similarstructures. In particular, the pesticide compositions can be applied tosurfaces, such as floors, where pests may harbor, including cracks,crevices, niches, dark areas, drains, and other harborage sites.

The pesticide compositions can also be used in methods for controllinginsects, arachnids, and mites. The method includes allowing an effectiveamount of the pesticide compositions to act on the insects, arachnids,and/or mites.

The present disclosure may be better understood with reference to thefollowing examples. These examples are intended to be representative ofspecific embodiments of the disclosure, and are not intended as limitingthe scope of the disclosure.

EXAMPLES Example 1

Example 1 tested the pesticidal efficacy of a granule with an innerlayer pesticide and an outer layer pesticide. The example first lookedat the pesticidal properties in a wet panel forced exposure test todetermine the efficacy of the pesticide on contact. Then the examplelooked at the pesticidal properties in a dry panel forced exposure testto determine the residual efficacy of the pesticide.

For the wet panel forced test, 20 adult male German cockroaches areplaced on a stainless steel panel. The panel with the cockroaches areplaced in a spray tower and sprayed with the pesticide for 60 seconds,starting when the spray comes into contact with the surface of thepanel. The cockroaches are removed from the panel and placed in a jarwith food and water. The jar is then observed for mortality at certaintime intervals post-exposure.

For the dry panel test, panels are prepared by spraying the pesticide onthe panel and allowing the panel to dry. Then 20 adult male Germancockroaches are placed on the panel and allowed to remain on the panelfor 60 seconds. The cockroaches are removed from the panel and placed ina jar with food and water. The jars are observed for mortality atcertain time intervals post-exposure. The dry forced exposure testssuggests how the pesticides would perform as a residual pesticide.

TABLE 1 Mortality Over Time Using the Wet Forced Exposure Test 1 5 15 301 2 24 min. min. min. min. hour hours hours Dried up 83.33 100 100 100100 100 100 Finito + Tempo WP SLS + decyl 31.67 65 100 100 100 100 100alcohol + Tempo WP Tempo WP 8.33 25 100 100 100 100 100 Water 0 0 0 0 00 0Table 1 shows that a granule with dried up Finito as the outer layer(Finito is an aqueous pesticide commercially available from Ecolab Inc.,St. Paul, Minn.) plus Tempo WP as the inner layer (a pesticidecommercially available from Bayer Professional Care) (final driedcomposition is 98.8% dried Finito Solid and 5.2% Tempo WP; test solutionwas made by dispersing 9.45 grams of the dried composition in 90.55grams of deionized water) was effective against 83.33% of thecockroaches within 1 minute, and 100% within 5 minutes. Also, a granulewith SLS and decyl alcohol as the outer layer and Tempo WP as the innerlayer (final dried composition was 48.61% SLS, 2.93% decyl alcohol, and48.46% Tempo WP; test solution was made by dispersing 0.6 gram of thedried composition in 99.4 grams of deionized water) was effectiveagainst 31.67% of the cockroaches within 1 minute, and 65% within 5minutes. Both are providing significantly improved contact kill incomparison to Tempo WP, which was effective against 0% of thecockroaches within 1 minute, and 25% within 5 minutes.

TABLE 2 Mortality Over Time Using the Dry Forced Panel Test 24 48 72 1Min Hour Hour Hour 1 Week Dried up Finito + 48.33 33.33 30.00 51.6751.67 Tempo WP SLS + decyl 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 alcohol +Tempo WP Tempo WP 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Water 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 0.00

Other Embodiments

It is to be understood that while the invention has been described inconjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoingdescription is intended to illustrate, and not limit the scope of theinvention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Otheraspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of thefollowing claims.

In addition, the contents of all patent publications discussed supra areincorporated in their entirety by this reference.

It is to be understood that wherever values and ranges are providedherein, all values and ranges encompassed by these values and ranges,are meant to be encompassed within the scope of the present invention.Moreover, all values that fall within these ranges, as well as the upperor lower limits of a range of values, are also contemplated by thepresent application.

We claim:
 1. A method for eliminating pests comprising: applying apesticide composition to an enclosed or partially enclosed area in astructure inhabited by insects, wherein the pesticide compositioncomprises a water dispersible granule comprising a substrate, an innerlayer comprising a residual kill first pesticide coated on to thesubstrate and an outer layer comprising a contact kill second pesticidecoated on the inner layer, the second pesticide comprising sodium laurylsulfate and optionally an additional surfactant pesticide selected fromthe group consisting of alcohol ethoxylates, quaternary ammoniumcompounds, fatty acids, fatty acid soaps, dioctylsulfosuccinate, andmixtures thereof and the surfactant pesticide has a hydrophobic portionwith a carbon chain length of from about 6 to 16, wherein the firstpesticide comprises about 20-80 wt-% of the inner layer and the secondpesticide comprises at least about 40 wt-% of the outer layer.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the first pesticide comprises a reduced riskpesticide.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is selectedfrom the group consisting of silica particles.
 4. The method of claim 1,wherein the pesticide composition is substantially free of phosphorous.5. The method of claim 2, wherein the reduced risk pesticide comprisesan active ingredient selected from the group consisting of castor oil,linseed oil, cedar oil, malic acid, cinnamon, cinnamon oil, mint, mintoil, citric acid, peppermint, peppermint oil, citronella, citronellaoil, 2-phenethyl propionate, cloves, clove oil, potassium sorbate, corngluten meal, putrescent whole egg solids, corn oil, rosemary, rosemaryoil, cottonseed oil, sesame, sesame oil, dried blood, sodium chloride,eugenol garlic, garlic oil, soybean oil, geraniol, thyme, thyme oil,geranium oil, white pepper, lauryl sulfate, lemongrass oil, and mixturesthereof.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the second pesticide furthercomprises an active ingredient selected from the group consisting ofcastor oil, linseed oil, cedar oil, malic acid, cinnamon, cinnamon oil,mint, mint oil, citric acid, peppermint, peppermint oil, citronella,citronella oil, 2-phenethyl propionate, cloves, clove oil, potassiumsorbate, corn gluten meal, putrescent whole egg solids, corn oil,rosemary, rosemary oil, cottonseed oil, sesame, sesame oil, dried blood,sodium chloride, eugenol garlic, garlic oil, soybean oil, geraniol,thyme, thyme oil, geranium oil, white pepper, lauryl sulfate, lemongrassoil, and mixtures thereof.
 7. The method of claim 1, further comprisingdiluting the pesticide composition with a diluent before applying thepesticide composition to the enclosed or partially enclosed area.
 8. Themethod of claim 7, wherein the diluent comprises water.
 9. A method foreliminating pests comprising: applying a pesticide composition to anenclosed or partially enclosed area in a structure inhabited by insects,wherein the pesticide composition comprises a water dispersible granulecomprising a silica particle substrate, an inner layer comprising aresidual kill first pesticide coated on to the substrate, the firstpesticide selected from the group consisting of castor oil, linseed oil,cedar oil, malic acid, cinnamon, cinnamon oil, mint, mint oil, citricacid, peppermint, peppermint oil, citronella, citronella oil,2-phenethyl propionate, cloves, clove oil, potassium sorbate, corngluten meal, putrescent whole egg solids, corn oil, rosemary, rosemaryoil, cottonseed oil, sesame, sesame oil, dried blood, sodium chloride,eugenol garlic, garlic oil, soybean oil, geraniol, thyme, thyme oil,geranium oil, white pepper, lauryl sulfate, lemongrass oil, and mixturesthereof; and an outer layer comprising a contact kill second pesticidecoated on the inner layer, the second pesticide comprising a surfactantpesticide selected from the group consisting of sodium lauryl sulfate,alcohol ethoxylates, quaternary ammonium compounds, fatty acids, fattyacid soaps, dioctylsulfosuccinate, and mixtures thereof and thesurfactant pesticide has a hydrophobic portion with a carbon chainlength of from about 6 to
 16. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein theouter layer provides the granule with increased water wettability. 11.The method of claim 9, wherein the outer layer aids in preventingdegradation of the inner layer by hydrolysis or photolysis.
 12. Themethod of claim 9, wherein the outer layer improves the greasecompatibility of the inner layer pesticide.
 13. The method of claim 9,wherein the inner layer includes about 20 to about 80 wt-% of pesticide.14. The method of claim 9, wherein the pesticide composition furthercomprises an attractant.
 15. The method of claim 9, wherein thepesticide composition further comprises a humectant.
 16. The method ofclaim 9, wherein the outer layer further comprises a co-surfactant andwherein the ratio of the surfactant pesticide to the co-surfactant isfrom about 1:0.03 to about 1:3.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein thesurfactant pesticide is sodium lauryl sulfate.
 18. The method of claim9, wherein the pesticide is applied in an area where humans are present.